OMEGAgevity™ SPM+ REFERENCES
HERRING CAVIAR / HERRING ROE PHOSPHOLIPID RESEARCH
1. Ringheim-Bakka TA, Saliani A, Østbye T-KK, et al.
Herring roe PLs promote SPM biosynthesis in macrophages and a keratinocyte/fibroblast coculture as a model of psoriasis. Journal of Lipid Research. 2026;67(4):101016. doi:10.1016/j.jlr.2026.101016.
Why it matters: Direct mechanistic research on the herring roe lipid matrix. In human-derived cellular systems, herring roe lipids promoted broad specialized pro-resolving mediator biosynthesis, including prominent E-series resolvin responses and DHA-derived pro-resolving mediators. The findings support endogenous SPM biosynthesis beyond simply delivering preformed mediators.
2. Cook CM, Hallaråker H, Sæbø PC, Innis SM, Kelley KM, Sanoshy KD, Berger A, Maki KC.
Bioavailability of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from phospholipid-rich herring roe oil in men and women with mildly elevated triacylglycerols. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2016. doi:10.1016/j.plefa.2016.01.007.
Why it matters: Randomized human crossover research supporting the bioavailability of the phospholipid-rich herring roe matrix. Acute plasma phosphatidylcholine exposure to EPA, DHA, and EPA+DHA was significantly higher following herring roe oil compared with triglyceride-rich fish oil.
3. Bjørndal B, Strand E, Gjerde J, et al.
Phospholipids from herring roe improve plasma lipids and glucose tolerance in healthy, young adults. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2014;13:82. doi:10.1186/1476-511X-13-82.
Why it matters: Human pilot research demonstrating biological activity of phospholipid-rich herring roe supplementation.
HUMAN RESEARCH ON SPM-ENRICHED MARINE LIPIDS
4. Möller I, Rodas G, Villalón JM, et al.
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the effect of treatment with an SPMs-enriched oil on chronic pain and inflammation, functionality, and quality of life in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: GAUDI study. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2023;21:423. doi:10.1186/s12967-023-04283-4.
Why it matters: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled human trial evaluating an oral SPM-enriched oil. Significant between-group reductions in VAS pain were observed at weeks 8 and 12, along with improvement in intermittent pain at week 12. This was research on a separate SPM-enriched preparation, not OMEGAgevity™ SPM+.
5. Möller I, Rodas G, Villalón JM, et al.
Specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM)-enriched supplementation modulates inflammatory biomarkers in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis: Blood plasma analysis from the GAUDI study. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids. 2026;210:102758.
Why it matters: Follow-up biomarker and lipidomic analysis from the randomized GAUDI trial. Changes in several inflammatory biomarkers correlated with clinical measures, although overall between-group differences in the inflammatory biomarkers evaluated were not statistically significant.
6. Callan N, Hanes D, Bradley R.
Early evidence of efficacy for orally administered SPM-enriched marine lipid fraction on quality of life and pain in a sample of adults with chronic pain. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2020;18:401. doi:10.1186/s12967-020-02569-5.
Why it matters: Prospective human study of a marine lipid fraction standardized to the SPM pathway intermediates 17-HDHA and 18-HEPE. Improvements were reported across several patient-reported outcomes after four weeks. Because the study was open-label and non-randomized, the findings should be interpreted as preliminary.
FOUNDATIONAL RESOLUTION BIOLOGY
7. Serhan CN.
Novel pro-resolving lipid mediators in inflammation are leads for resolution physiology. Nature. 2014;510(7503):92-101. doi:10.1038/nature13479.
Why it matters: Landmark review establishing the modern concept of resolution physiology. Describes resolvins, protectins, and maresins as distinct families of specialized pro-resolving mediators and explains resolution as an active biological program rather than the passive disappearance of inflammation.
8. Serhan CN, Levy BD.
Resolvins in inflammation: emergence of the pro-resolving superfamily of mediators. Journal of Clinical Investigation.
Why it matters: Foundational review of the resolution phase of inflammation and the specialized pro-resolving mediator superfamily. Describes resolvins, protectins, and maresins as bioactive mediators participating in endogenous resolution programs.
9. Julliard WA, Myo YPA, Perelas A, Jackson PD, Thatcher TH, Sime PJ.
Specialized pro-resolving mediators as modulators of immune responses. Seminars in Immunology. 2022;59:101605. doi:10.1016/j.smim.2022.101605.
Why it matters: Comprehensive review of how SPMs interact with innate and adaptive immune cells. Supports the distinction between simply suppressing inflammation and actively promoting resolution and return toward homeostasis.
CELLULAR CLEANUP, REPAIR & HOMEOSTASIS
10. Fredman G, Serhan CN.
Specialized pro-resolving mediators in vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2024;21(11):808-823. doi:10.1038/s41569-023-00984-x.
Why it matters: Major contemporary review describing inflammation resolution as an active, highly coordinated process. SPMs function as endogenous signaling molecules involved in terminating unnecessary inflammatory responses, macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells and debris, healing, regeneration, tissue repair, and restoration of homeostasis.
11. Sousa AB, Barbosa JN.
The use of specialized pro-resolving mediators in biomaterial-based immunomodulation. Journal of Functional Biomaterials. 2023;14:223. doi:10.3390/jfb14040223.
Why it matters: Reviews the role of SPMs in reducing further polymorphonuclear leukocyte recruitment, influencing macrophage phenotype, increasing macrophage clearance of apoptotic cells through efferocytosis, and creating a more pro-regenerative tissue environment.
MARESINS
12. Deng B, Wang C-W, Arnardottir HH, et al.
Maresin biosynthesis and identification of Maresin 2, a new anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving mediator from human macrophages. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(7). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102362.
Why it matters: Primary research identifying Maresin 2 (MaR2), one of the bioactive SPMs represented in the OMEGAgevity™ SPM+ profile. The study characterized its biosynthesis from DHA in human macrophages and demonstrated pro-resolving biological activity in experimental models.
13. Berrocal-Navarrete F, Marín-Sanhueza P, Norambuena-González R, et al.
Maresins. 2026.
Why it matters: Contemporary review of maresin biosynthesis, structural diversity, and biological functions, including MaR1, MaR2, maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration, and related mediators. Reviews their roles in inflammatory modulation, phagocytosis, tissue regeneration, and restoration of homeostasis while emphasizing that much of the therapeutic evidence remains preclinical.
RESOLVIN E-SERIES
14. Tjonahen E, Oh SF, Siegelman J, et al.
Resolvin E2: identification and anti-inflammatory actions: pivotal role of human 5-lipoxygenase in Resolvin E series biosynthesis. Chemistry & Biology. 2006;13:1193-1202. doi:10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.011.
Why it matters: Primary research identifying and characterizing Resolvin E2 (RvE2), an EPA-derived specialized pro-resolving mediator represented in OMEGAgevity™ SPM+. The work helped define the enzymatic pathway responsible for E-series resolvin biosynthesis.
CARDIOVASCULAR & VASCULAR RESOLUTION BIOLOGY
15. Díaz del Campo LS, Rodrigues-Díez R, Salaices M, Briones AM, García-Redondo AB.
Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators: new therapeutic approaches for vascular remodeling. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23:3592. doi:10.3390/ijms23073592.
Why it matters: Reviews the relationship between unresolved inflammation, SPM signaling, endothelial biology, vascular smooth-muscle function, and tissue-repair pathways.
16. De Bartolo A, Romeo N, Angelone T, Rocca C.
Specialized pro-resolving mediators as emerging players in cardioprotection: from inflammation resolution to therapeutic potential. Acta Physiologica. 2025.
Why it matters: Reviews current preclinical and clinical evidence surrounding SPM biology in cardiovascular inflammation, resolution, repair, and cardioprotection.
NEUROINFLAMMATION & HEALTHY AGING
17. Ponce J, Ulu A, Hanson C, et al.
Role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in reducing neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 2022;14:780811. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.780811.
Why it matters: Reviews SPM pathways in neuroinflammatory biology and aging-related neurological research. The evidence is primarily mechanistic and preclinical and should not be interpreted as evidence that SPM supplementation prevents or treats neurodegenerative disease.
18. Valente M, Dentoni M, Bellizzi F, Kuris F, Gigli GL.
Specialized pro-resolving mediators in neuroinflammation: overview of studies and perspectives of clinical applications. Molecules. 2022;27:4836. doi:10.3390/molecules27154836.
Why it matters: Broad review of SPM metabolism, signaling, and the developing evidence surrounding resolvins, protectins, and maresins within neuroinflammatory pathways.
METABOLIC & IMMUNE RESOLUTION RESEARCH
19. Liu X, Tang Y, Luo Y, Gao Y, He L.
Role and mechanism of specialized pro-resolving mediators in obesity-associated insulin resistance. Lipids in Health and Disease. 2024;23:234. doi:10.1186/s12944-024-02207-9.
Why it matters: Reviews the relationship between metabolic inflammation, resolution biology, and SPM signaling. Primarily mechanistic/preclinical evidence; useful for understanding the broader metabolic relevance of resolution pathways rather than establishing a product-specific outcome.
20. Vomero M, Lamberti L, Corberi E, et al.
Specialized pro-resolving mediators and autoimmunity: recent insights and future perspectives. Autoimmunity Reviews.2025;24:103896.
Why it matters: Reviews emerging evidence connecting altered SPM biosynthesis and signaling with immune-resolution pathways. This literature supports biological understanding but should not be interpreted as evidence that OMEGAgevity™ SPM+ treats autoimmune disease.
Research on specific diseases or experimental models is provided to explain the scientific development and biological relevance of resolution pathways. It should not be interpreted as evidence that OMEGAgevity™ SPM+ diagnoses, treats, cures, or prevents any disease.
*This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.